{"id":1402,"date":"2023-07-10T16:03:49","date_gmt":"2023-07-10T16:03:49","guid":{"rendered":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/?p=1402"},"modified":"2024-10-04T14:50:29","modified_gmt":"2024-10-04T14:50:29","slug":"memory-pt-1-stm-ltm","status":"publish","type":"post","link":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/memory-pt-1-stm-ltm\/","title":{"rendered":"Memory (branding!) pt. 1 (STM &amp; LTM)"},"content":{"rendered":"\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading has-text-align-center\">Do you know what this header picture is? Contrary to popular opinion, memory does not work like these<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Fair warning: this chapter starts off with a bit of a deep dive into some psychology concepts. Stick with us and it will become clear. We promise (hint: it has to do with brand equity).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Remember mystery #3<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">&#8220;Brand equity?&#8221;, we hear you say, &#8220;I am a disciple of Grumpy CEO cat, and I have realized that it&#8217;s just loyalty plus some pointless psychology stuff&#8221; (if you don&#8217;t know what this means, <a href=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/intro-to-memory-and-perception\/\" data-type=\"URL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">go see our intro mysteries<\/a> &#8211; it&#8217;s quick, and there&#8217;s even an alternate video version if you prefer).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you are right then the grumpy cat&#8217;s plan should work plenty well enough (seriously, don&#8217;t be too cool for school, <a href=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/intro-to-memory-and-perception\/\" data-type=\"URL\" target=\"_blank\" rel=\"noreferrer noopener\">just go read it already<\/a>).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And of course it will work. Right?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Obviously<\/strong> there is no point in advertising diapers \/ nappies to most of you, as you are not, and have never been, in the market for them#up.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. To those of you who <strong>do<\/strong> buy them, let us say a) \"Hello fellow carers\", and b) for purposes of this exercise please put yourself into the head space of our less... delightfully encumbered colleagues (how's that for a euphemism). Please and thank you :)<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/playing-video-game-pexels-jeshootscom-442576.jpg\" alt=\"two people playing a football (soccer) video game - only their hands are visible, holding controllers, with the screen behind them)\" class=\"wp-image-1429\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/playing-video-game-pexels-jeshootscom-442576.jpg 640w, https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/playing-video-game-pexels-jeshootscom-442576-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">You, today (an artists representation, results may vary)<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But it may not always be thus. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The day may come for some of you (but not all!), one way or another (and there are many ways) that you may look a little more like this:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"640\" height=\"427\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/grumpy-mum-with-baby-pexels-sarah-chai-7282818.jpg\" alt=\"A young mother holding a baby onto her shoulder with one arm while trying to use a laptop with the other\" class=\"wp-image-1428\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/grumpy-mum-with-baby-pexels-sarah-chai-7282818.jpg 640w, https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/grumpy-mum-with-baby-pexels-sarah-chai-7282818-300x200.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 640px) 100vw, 640px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Not totally dissimilar to a potential future you. Perhaps<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If and when that day arrives, you will find yourself looking after an adorable little something that routinely emits body fluids without consideration or warning (in the interests of taste, let&#8217;s leave it at the fluids). You will want something to catch those fluids other than your lap. So you will go to a shop, and lo, it may look something like this:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"342\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/shop-with-nappies.jpg\" alt=\"shop selves filled with nappies, from floor to ceiling. It's hard to make out the brands because the picture is small, but there are clearly many\" class=\"wp-image-1433\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/shop-with-nappies.jpg 500w, https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/06\/shop-with-nappies-300x205.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">So many options<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And you will have to pick one, but which?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Probably&#8230; a brand that you are familiar with#up. A name you have seen advertised many times even though it wasn&#8217;t even remotely relevant to you back then, but that stuck somehow in your head, somewhere&#8230;<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Or you might just pick the cheapest option. This is fine, but not totally risk free... Think for a moment about what nappies do, and what happens if they don't...<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">At this time, all of those ads that Grumpy CEO Cat did not show you will suddenly pay off&#8230; but for some other company. And once you&#8217;ve bought that brand the first time, you&#8217;ll probably keep buying it for the next three or four years. And if you&#8217;ve never bought diapers before, let me assure you, that will be buying them over and over, and that adds up to a lot of money&#8230; Money that Grumpy CEO Cat won&#8217;t be seeing a penny of.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So maybe it <strong>is<\/strong> a good idea to learn all that psychology stuff, after all?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">No?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s dive in.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Memory &#8211; but for real now<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s start by finding out how good your memory is. It&#8217;s ok, you don&#8217;t have to tell anyone, and we already know. Don&#8217;t believe us?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here&#8217;s what we&#8217;ll do:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14020\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Inside this accordion box are the names of 20 brands for you to remember. Open it up, read them, then close it. Ready, set, go<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14020\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Nokia, Shell, Hitachi, Siemens, UPS, Volkswagen, Nestle, eBay, Ikea, Marlboro, Hyundai, Cisco, 3M, Zara, Goldman Sachs, Gillette, Kellogg&#8217;s, Caterpillar, L&#8217;Oreal, MasterCard<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Good work. Now keep remembering them, while you watch this ad for bottled water:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"\u2018Samajhdaar Jaante Hain Har Paani Ki Bottle Bisleri Nahin\u2019- Hindi 30 Sec\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/tuc7suM3yBI?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">What was that ad about?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The camels were upset they got the wrong brand water. We&#8217;re told that it is pretty funny if you speak Hindi, but the important thing is that it filled a good 30 seconds. So let&#8217;s see how good your memory is.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here&#8217;s a text box: write as many of those brands as you can. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(no cheating now&#8230;.) Ready get set, go:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<textarea rows=\"5\" cols=\"55\" placeholder=\"This won't save anything, it's just a scratchpad to write in\"><\/textarea>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Now count &#8217;em. How many did you get?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Do you recall us saying we already knew how many you&#8217;d get?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14021\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Go on, make us look silly: tell us that this isn&#8217;t your answer:<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14021\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">7 +\/- 2 <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(so 5-9)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">(BTW, it&#8217;s ok you can go back and look at the original list now if you want)<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">How did we do?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Close, no? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We don&#8217;t have an AI that analyzes your memory based on how you navigate web pages. It&#8217;s simpler than that.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Many decades ago, when psychologists started getting serious about measuring things, they did many versions of the test that we just did, and it turns out that they got a very consistent answer. People can remember about five to nine things. That&#8217;s just how much space we have in our minds. It doesn&#8217;t matter whether those things are brands, numbers, random words, or recipe ingredients. Whatever it is, you can only fit about 5-9 of them into your head at once, and we can only keep them there for about 10-30 seconds (how many of our brands will you still remember at the end of this chapter#up?).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. \"But I remembered them for more than 30 seconds\" you say. \"The camel ad was 30 seconds on its own!\" True, but you were probably rehearsing them over and over in your head to keep them fresh (\"3M, Goldman, Kellogg's, Caterpillar... 3M, Goldman, Kellogg's, Caterpillar...\"). Were you not?<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Keep in mind that one of the things we have to remember are the goals we have activated. If you have to interrupt your trip to a shop, by operating the parking-payment device outside of it, and then recycling some old bottles, you might not have much mental space left over for rehearsing your shopping list (&#8220;toothpaste, toilet paper, milk, salsa, and oranges&#8230; toothpaste, um, milk, and oranges&#8230;&#8221;). This is why every literate society has re-invented the shopping list.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Living in a tiny bubble<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This 7 +\/- 2 figure may seem like random psychology trivia, but it has a rather profound consequence#up, which is this: We live our entire lives in a tiny little bubble of awareness. Rarely do we ever have more ideas in our heads than we have fingers on our hands.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Actually two. It's also the reason why phone numbers are 7 digits (plus an area code). Calling people in the days before smartphones meant dialing all their digits, one at a time, by hand (ask an old person about phone books). Numbers longer than 7 digits would have been much harder to remember<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It sounds bad when you put it that way, but it&#8217;s just how we are all built. And, to be fair, we seem to be able to do a lot of useful things with just 10 fingers, so maybe a limit of nine ideas isn&#8217;t so terrible either.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Still, once you know this limit exists, it does help to explain quite a few things.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequence 1: Small consideration sets<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Remember when we talked about consideration sets in Chapter 1? Recall that we said most people consider only one or two, or maybe three options for their purchases (unless they have extremely high involvement and so spend an unusual amount of time and energy on it)? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We can start to see why that happens now, but you may be curious: Why consider only two products if you have room for 7 or 9?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Think about how it works when you buy things: You probably want to compare your leading options on a few attributes: maybe their price, brand, style, etc. If you consider only those 3 attributes, then comparing 2 products means holding 3 x 2 = 6 things in your head at once. That&#8217;s all or most of your available space!<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Consequence 2: We are bad at estimating<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Some information is easy to find. Look at a box of microwave popcorn and you can see that it costs 4.50 and cooks in 3 minutes. Other information is harder to come by. If you are planning a holiday, for example, how can you know if you are going to need a taxi on the third afternoon? Or what that ride would cost? How can you know if a person you meet will recommend a lovely place for dinner? Or what that will cost? We don&#8217;t know these things, but we can make educated guesses of them &#8211; an estimate.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When we make these estimates, though, do we tend to get the right number (give or take some random bounce)? Or do we tend to guess too high? Too low? <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Answer: Usually too low. Way too low.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Why? Partly it&#8217;s because the limited space in our heads means that we tend to miss a lot of expenses (e.g., &#8220;I considered the airline ticket, but forgot the cost of parking at the airport, and the inflated price of food in the terminal&#8221;). But this lack of space gets made worse by the <strong>availability heuristic<\/strong> <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/involvement\/#availability-heuristic\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/involvement\/#availability-heuristic\" target=\"_blank\">which we discussed<\/a> in chapter 1. If you recall, this heuristic is our tendency to imagine that the most important and meaningful things are the ones that are most mentally &#8216;available&#8217; to us (i.e., that come to mind most easily). You can perhaps see the problem here: We might be aware that we are going to miss some expenses, but we will also tend to assume that the missing ones aren&#8217;t so important (otherwise we&#8217;d probably think of them more easily!)&#8230; So we might not pay enough attention to our ignored costs.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This goes for any complicated purchase. If you want to upgrade your kitchen you&#8217;ll probably look up prices for some obvious things (new cabinets, an oven, a fridge and a sink), and imagine that we&#8217;ve got most of the important bits. And maybe we are right, but often we aren&#8217;t. The new floor tiles that we aren&#8217;t thinking of are surprisingly expensive. And so are plumbers to move pipes, and electricians to fix the wiring#up.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Many middle-class parents disapprove of their children becoming plumbers and electricians, but these are often well-paid jobs - which is better news for the plumbers than it is for people paying to have their kitchens fixed <\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The same problem happens when we try to estimate how long it will take us to do something. &#8220;How long to write my report? I&#8217;ll knock it out tomorrow afternoon.&#8221; Or &#8220;How long to build my new flatpack chair? Give me 15 minutes.&#8221; Or &#8220;A run to the supermarket? I&#8217;ll be back by 3 o&#8217;clock.&#8221; We make predictions like this all the time, and our predictions are usually so wildly over-optimistic that there is a name for it: the &#8220;<strong>planning fallacy<\/strong>&#8221; <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--4193465-QKUKPJ7J--wp1402 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{4193465:QKUKPJ7J}', 'format': '(%a%, %d%, %p%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The funny thing about the planning fallacy is that we actually have a pretty good idea about how long these tasks usually do take. We can be quite accurate (even a bit pessimistic) when we make predictions about other people. But when it is ourselves who will be doing it? Then we can&#8217;t help but start planning the necessary steps in our head, and our limited memory runs smack into the availability heuristic all over again. We list the most obvious tasks and dismiss all the usual annoying obstacles as unimportant. We don&#8217;t anticipate the hours we will spend wrestling with writer&#8217;s block, or sitting in traffic, or laboriously winding dozens of screws in (and then back out again when you read the diagram right, and see they&#8217;d been done in the wrong order). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The planning fallacy is so powerful that we still make it even when we know it exists, and intentionally try to avoid it. Ask us for our worst-case scenario predictions: How long will it take us, even if many things go wrong? We <strong>still <\/strong>give answers that are unrealistically optimistic <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--4193465-QKUKPJ7J--wp1402 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{4193465:QKUKPJ7J}', 'format': '(%a%, %d%, %p%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Application: Good ad or bad ad?<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s play the &#8220;good ad or bad ad&#8221; game. What do we think of this one?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<figure class=\"wp-block-embed is-type-video is-provider-youtube wp-block-embed-youtube wp-embed-aspect-16-9 wp-has-aspect-ratio\"><div class=\"wp-block-embed__wrapper\">\n<iframe loading=\"lazy\" title=\"ColorTyme advert\" width=\"500\" height=\"281\" src=\"https:\/\/www.youtube.com\/embed\/bFy0OEkUzJQ?feature=oembed\" frameborder=\"0\" allow=\"accelerometer; autoplay; clipboard-write; encrypted-media; gyroscope; picture-in-picture; web-share\" referrerpolicy=\"strict-origin-when-cross-origin\" allowfullscreen><\/iframe>\n<\/div><\/figure>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There&#8217;s a lot to like about this ad: It&#8217;s clearly made by a couple of local entrepreneurs who didn&#8217;t let themselves be slowed down by a tiny budget or public-performance nerves. They jumped in hard, and with energy. You have to respect that. Sincerely, you do.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But from a memory point of view, it makes a lot of claims. Probably too many.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Here, I mapped them out:<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img decoding=\"async\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/map-colortyme.svg\" alt=\"Diagram: A centre circle is labelled 'ColorTyme'. Surrounding it are 11 slightly smaller circles, each with one claim from the ad (e.g., rent to own, 3rd street, best prices, mattress, sofa, hometown, 99 cent delivery, free delivery, etc). Each of the smaller circles is connected to the larger centre one by a black line.\" class=\"wp-image-1458\" style=\"width:600px;height:400px\"\/><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">I count at least 12 bits of information (including their name) for viewers to fit into 5-9 memory spots&#8230; and that is the best-case scenario, assuming viewers weren&#8217;t distracted by anything else (and really, how often do we give our full attention to the ads?). If you wait 30 seconds after the ad is over, then how many of these things will you remember? How about if you waited a week or a month or a year till you are ready to buy furniture?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">It&#8217;s a delightful ad, an entertaining ad, but from the perspective of consumer psychology, probably not as successful a one as it could have been.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h3 class=\"wp-block-heading\">So you can only remember 7 things?<\/h3>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">That seems a bit unfortunate. Especially if you have any exams to take, or jobs that need doing. In fact, why even read past the first 7 things this book tells you?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">But before you close this page and head off to get your name and bank PIN tattooed on your arm (you don&#8217;t want to forget those), let&#8217;s try one last test. Just to see if you can do a tiny bit better:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ol class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>What is the capital of France?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Who is the president of the USA?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What colour is the ocean#up?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the name of the first person you had a crush on?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>How old is your best friend?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Where were you born?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What country has Kangaroos?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The \u201cred\u201d football team in Manchester is called _____?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The capital of China?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>The name of the last person that you talked to?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What is the thing with 10 toes that you find at the end of most legs?<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>What happened to 7+\/- 2?<\/li>\n<\/ol>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">So how did you do?<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. If you said the Ocean is any colour other than \"gunmetal grey\" then you possibly don't live near the North Atlantic<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We&#8217;re guessing that you could have kept going all day. So clearly you do remember more than nine things. But if that is true, then what happened to you on that first test? Did your brain take a badly timed holiday?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">The multi-store memory model<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The best way to think of this is that you hold a near-infinite amount of information in your head, <strong>but<\/strong> you can only think about a tiny amount of it at once. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Imagine an enormous warehouse that can store as many boxes as you like, on endless rows of shelves. Picture a table in the middle of this warehouse, that is big enough to fit only a few boxes at a time. This table is the only place where boxes are allowed to be open. You always have to choose which few boxes you most want to see inside right now, and then you have a small army of workers running to fetch any new boxes you want, while also clearing away old ones to make room for them on the table.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This isn&#8217;t just a (slightly weird) story, it also fits with how our brains are built. We have dedicated systems to run our <strong>long term memory<\/strong> (&#8220;LTM&#8221;), which are like those endless warehouse shelves, and can store huge amounts of information. There are other systems in our brain that fill the table&#8217;s function. This is our <strong>short term memory<\/strong> (&#8220;STM&#8221; &#8211; also known as our <strong>working memory<\/strong>: a different name for the same thing#up). This is the contents of our conscious mind &#8211; the teeny bubble of awareness that we live in. These two functions (STM and LTM) operate from physically separate parts of our brains.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Technically working memory is an update to the idea of STM, which divides it into a few sub-components: an 'executive' part that is in charge, plus some subordinate 'scratchpads' to hold extra bits - one for visual-spatial information, one for semantic word-based information, and perhaps another that knits things together into an episode of what is happening <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--4193465-HACUEVSH--wp1402 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{4193465:HACUEVSH}', 'format': '(%a%, %d%, %p%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>. But that is way more complicated than we need, so with all due apologies to cognitive psychology we will treat them as the same thing<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js interest\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14022\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">LTM isn&#8217;t really stored in little cardboard boxes, is it<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14022\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">As hilarious as that would be, no it is not.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s see if I can explain it in less than 100 words: Our brains have trillions of &#8220;neuron&#8221; cells that are constantly firing with little electric pulses. Each pulse sends a message to hundreds or thousands (or more) other neurons by squirting \u2018neurotransmitter\u2019 chemicals across little connectors called &#8216;synapses&#8217;. Those signals basically say &#8220;pulse faster&#8221; or &#8220;pulse slower&#8221;. Our brain stores information by rejigging those connections to make big patterns of faster or slower-firing neurons. You have a pulse pattern in your brain for &#8216;cat&#8217; and another for &#8216;bruise&#8217;. Each neuron will be involved in many such patterns. It&#8217;s really quite beautiful and staggeringly effective<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group definition_block has-background is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-14d7fe8f wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#fcb90017\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"definition_term wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Short Term Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n<cite><a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/dictionary.cambridge.org\/dictionary\/english\/aka\" target=\"_blank\">AKA<\/a>: Working Memory<\/cite><\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"definition_definition wp-block-paragraph\">The information that we are aware of holding in our heads. It fits about 7 +\/- 2 items for about 10-30 seconds<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-group definition_block has-background is-content-justification-left is-nowrap is-layout-flex wp-container-core-group-is-layout-14d7fe8f wp-block-group-is-layout-flex\" style=\"background-color:#fcb90017\">\n<blockquote class=\"wp-block-quote is-layout-flow wp-block-quote-is-layout-flow\">\n<p class=\"definition_term wp-block-paragraph\"><strong>Long Term Memory<\/strong><\/p>\n<\/blockquote>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"definition_definition wp-block-paragraph\">A near-infinite store of encoded information that our brains can keep for up to our whole life<\/p>\n<\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">A caveat<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We&#8217;ve been talking about what psychologists call &#8220;semantic information&#8221; &#8211; our brain&#8217;s processing of words and ideas. Sometimes this is also referred to as our &#8220;declarative&#8221; memory because these are things that we can verbally report knowing (i.e., you can &#8220;declare&#8221; &#8211; hence the name).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are other memory systems too. We won&#8217;t spend much time on these, but you should be aware that they exist:<\/p>\n\n\n\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Sensory memory \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Stores what we see \/ hear \/ feel \/ etc for only a second to two<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Autobiographical\n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Things that have happened to you<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n\n\n\n<li>Procedural \n<ul class=\"wp-block-list\">\n<li>Skills &#8211; how to do things (e.g., ride a bike, write an organized essay)<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n<\/li>\n<\/ul>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js interest\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14023\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Actually, I&#8217;d like to know more about those other memory stores<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14023\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Don&#8217;t say we never did nothin&#8217; for ya.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To experience your <strong>sensory memory<\/strong>, close your eyes and try to visualize what you just saw. You can probably do it for a second or two, but then it fades from your sensory memory. Or listen to a sound and try to remember it, or touch something and try to remember how it feels &#8211; it should be the same thing. To remember that stimulus experience for longer than a second or two, you need to shift it into your working memory &#8211; which won&#8217;t fit all the details from your sensory memory, but can pick out some important elements to go into your 7 +\/- 2 working memory slots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For your <strong>autobiographical memory<\/strong>, think about what you did when you got up this morning or a recent conversation. You can probably visualize some of what happened (interesting aside some people get vivid mental imagery when they do this, while others experience little to no imagery &#8211; an inability to form mental imagery is called &#8220;aphantasia&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To see how this is different from semantic memory, try this: I bet you remember what the capital of France is, right? Ok, when did you first learn that? Do you know?<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You almost certainly don&#8217;t know. The Paris-France link is stored in a semantic information system (i.e., one for words and concepts), which is separate from your biographical memories of being in Ms. Krabappel&#8217;s primary school geography class.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This does matter &#8211; we learn semantic information about brands and products from ads and salespeople (etc), but often we later can&#8217;t remember the autobiographical source for where that information came from.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">To demonstrate how your <strong>procedural<\/strong> memory system is separate from your semantic one, try this: keep your arm perfectly still while you describe the exact motions you would make to throw a ball. Now describe how those motions change if you are throwing the ball near vs. far, vs. straight up in the air? (no cheating now! We see you moving your arm to watch what it does!)<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">You can&#8217;t do it, can you? And yet if we handed you a ball and pointed at a target, your brain could probably tell your arm exactly how to throw it. The procedural information store in your brain knows how to coordinate those intricate movements, but your semantic memory store has no access to this (but it does contain the words you would need to verbalize it, like &#8220;shoulder&#8221; and &#8220;rotate&#8221;).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">And now you know why psychologists start getting a twitchy eye whenever they hear marketers talking about firms doing &#8216;information sharing&#8217; &#8211; as if there is just one kind of information.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Both STM and LTM are clearly important. Working memory is our bubble of experience, it is the world that we are occupying, in any given moment, as experienced from inside our own heads. It is where the thoughts you are having right now are happening. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you like an ad that you are seeing, that liking happens in your working memory. If you block the ad out, then it doesn&#8217;t get much space in your working memory. If you (don&#8217;t) enjoy using a product this (dis)like exists in one of your few precious working-term slots.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Long-term memory is where brand equity lives. It is valuable to us individually (it is devastating if dementia starts to destroy it), and is also very lucrative for firms; So much so that accountants put estimates of it into companies&#8217; annual reports. Those estimated money values can be extremely large.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Take Coca-Cola for example. <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/investors.coca-colacompany.com\/filings-reports\/annual-filings-10-k\" target=\"_blank\">Here is their 2022 annual filing for stockholders<\/a>. If you scroll down to page 62, you will see the balance sheet where their accountants add up the value of all their assets (i.e., everything the company owns that is worth money, including cash, bottles that are ready to sell, their patents, even bills that they have pre-paid). They report 92.7 billion US dollars in total assets, of which twenty per cent (nearly $19 billion) is &#8220;Goodwill&#8221;. What does that mean? Goodwill is accountant-speak for how much extra money a firm can make every year because consumers favour their product over some generic random competitor. If tomorrow the world&#8217;s consumers completely forgot that the Coca-Cola corporation existed (&#8220;honey, what&#8217;s this nice red bottle in the drink&#8217;s aisle?&#8221;), then their best estimate#up is that 19 billion dollars of Coke&#8217;s revenue would vanish overnight.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Keep in mind that they can't just make these numbers up - they will be carefully checked by professional auditors and sophisticated shareholders who don't want to be swindled<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"152\" height=\"451\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/coke-bottle-crop-vahid-kanani-GHpjU1N-5_c-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"A glass bottle of coke, with its old fashioned tapered shape, and famous fancy red cursive writing logo\" class=\"wp-image-1495\" style=\"width:114px;height:338px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/coke-bottle-crop-vahid-kanani-GHpjU1N-5_c-unsplash.jpg 152w, https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/coke-bottle-crop-vahid-kanani-GHpjU1N-5_c-unsplash-101x300.jpg 101w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 152px) 100vw, 152px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">Your recognition of this is worth billions to the Coca-Cola Corporation<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">For context, this same table says that Coke&#8217;s physical assets (&#8220;property, plant, and equipment&#8221;) were worth only about half as much as their Goodwill. For further context, having 19 billion dollars means that you could spend a million dollars every single day, 365 days a year, for 50 years straight, with not one break, and still have enough left over to buy a nice mansion, a couple of personal jets, and a small fleet of top-end supercars. I&#8217;m no accountant, but that seems like a lot of money to me.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learning &amp; Remembering<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Your short and long-term memory may be separate systems, but they obviously have to work together. You can draw it out in a tidy diagram. <\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"649\" height=\"370\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/Memory-model.jpg\" alt=\"3 boxes laid from left to right. The left one is red and says &quot;Attention&quot;, then an arrow points from it to a middle blue box which says &quot;Short-Term memory&quot;, and an arrow points from this to the rightmost box (also blue) which says &quot;Long Term Memory&quot;. The word &quot;Encoding&quot; is written above the arrow from short-term to long-term memory, and the word &quot;Recall&quot; is written under another arrow that points back from Long-term to Short-Term memory. One further yellow box says &quot;Customer Equity Lives Here&quot; and points at Long-Term memory.\" class=\"wp-image-1516\" style=\"width:487px;height:278px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/Memory-model.jpg 649w, https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/Memory-model-300x171.jpg 300w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 649px) 100vw, 649px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">A simple model<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s walk through it from left to right.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you pay attention to something then it pops into your short-term memory. You are now aware of it in your mind. If you stop there then it will fade away in less than a minute. You can hold it there a bit longer by repeating it over and over, but that will fail as soon as you are distracted by anything else. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you really want to remember it any later (say you have an exam) then you need to get it into your long-term memory. This happens through a process that psychologists call encoding. We will talk about this a lot more later this chapter, but for now let&#8217;s just note that this transfer is, unfortunately, not as automatic as we would sometimes like#up. In fact, it can be quite difficult, much to the regret of both students and marketing executives (who need you to remember their products and positionings, etc).<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Or maybe it's fortunate. There are a small number of people who have perfect autobiographical memory. Ask them what they were doing on May 12th, 16 years ago, and they will tell you what they had for breakfast, what the weather was like, what was in the news, what toothbrush they used - they remember it perfectly (researchers have checked against historical records, and their memories are correct)... And it makes them miserable. Every every silly mistake, every embarassing moment, every petty grievance and vindictive argument - all feel as vibrantly terrible as the moment they happened<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Information can move in the other direction too. When we ask if you prefer cats vs dogs (or anything else: tea vs coffee, cake vs pie, etc) you retrieve this information from your long-term memory and recall it into your short-term memory. This happens so quickly and easily that the answers (cats, tea, and cake, obviously) feel like they are popping directly into your mind.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Again, remembering is not automatic or flawless. For instance, you might arrive at the dental hygiene section of a shop, and think: &#8220;ohhhh, <strong>toothpaste!<\/strong> I nearly forgot that!&#8221;&#8230; The information was in your long-term memory all along, but you couldn&#8217;t find it earlier when you were trying to remember all of the things you had meant to get.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js understand\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14024\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Recognition vs. recall<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14024\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Let&#8217;s face it, shopping lists are a good idea &#8211; they help us stay on plan and buy less stuff <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--4193465-IKT3UPKM--wp1402 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{4193465:IKT3UPKM}', 'format': '(%a%, %d%, %p%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> &#8211; but we often don&#8217;t use them. So how do we manage? Partly because the shop has a lot of &#8216;cues&#8217; for our memory.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">When we asked you to write the names of as many brands as you could remember, that was a &#8216;free recall&#8217; task: You weren&#8217;t given any clues to help you navigate through the enormous contents of your LTM. Your score would have probably been a lot better, though, if we had given you instead a long list of brand names and simply asked you to identify ones that were on the original list (&#8220;Um, Zanussi? No&#8230; Caterpillar? Oh yes, that was one&#8221;). In this case, all you would have had to do is recognize that a brand was one you had seen recently. This is much easier because you know exactly where to look in your LTM to help find the information you need.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Walking around a physical shop gives us many opportunities for recognition. Instead of rehearsing: &#8220;buy toothpaste, buy toothpaste, buy toothpaste&#8221;, we can simply scan the products in the hygiene aisle, spot tooth-scrubbing offers, and recognize that this was one of the things we needed. The products on the shelves serve as memory cues. <\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Other ways to learn<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">We can learn plenty by watching, listening, talking to people, etc, but also from doing things (e.g., tasting, playing, riding, wearing, and so on).<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">If you want to cement a lesson in really well it&#8217;s probably a good idea to use several of these different ways of learning in combination. This is why good schools don&#8217;t just talk to you, but also do demonstrations, send you on trips, and otherwise try to give you experiences of what things feel like (emotionally or physically). This is why brands sometimes try to build experiences for consumers that go beyond just using products and watching ads.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-image\">\n<figure class=\"aligncenter size-full is-resized\"><img loading=\"lazy\" decoding=\"async\" width=\"500\" height=\"750\" src=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/brand-experience-david-hurley-YBUj1dkt4Do-unsplash.jpg\" alt=\"Aesthetic photo of a woman in an ivory colloured chunk sweater holding a Starbucks cup to the camera. Only the cup and her hand are in focus. The cup is dark green with an intricate pattern of linked lines and stars that matches the colour of the out-of-focus lighting behind her.\" class=\"wp-image-1524\" style=\"width:375px;height:563px\" srcset=\"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/brand-experience-david-hurley-YBUj1dkt4Do-unsplash.jpg 500w, https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-content\/uploads\/sites\/2\/2023\/07\/brand-experience-david-hurley-YBUj1dkt4Do-unsplash-200x300.jpg 200w\" sizes=\"auto, (max-width: 500px) 100vw, 500px\" \/><figcaption class=\"wp-element-caption\">This woman is doing more than just encoding information about coffee.<\/figcaption><\/figure>\n<\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">By the way, if you want more insight into how to do student-type learning better, we recommend <a href=\"https:\/\/www.artofmanliness.com\/career-wealth\/career\/podcast-927-beyond-lazy-learning-the-keys-to-gaining-and-retaining-knowledge\/\" data-type=\"link\" data-id=\"https:\/\/www.artofmanliness.com\/career-wealth\/career\/podcast-927-beyond-lazy-learning-the-keys-to-gaining-and-retaining-knowledge\/\">this podcast episode<\/a>. It is an interview with a cognitive psychologist who wrote a book on this topic. Admittedly the podcast has an odd name, but don&#8217;t let that slow you down; It is a good interview full of practical science-based tips.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h4 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Learning from experiences (classical conditioning)<\/h4>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\"> Think about the pleasant tingle that you feel when you hear the theme song for your favourite show. Your brain has learned to associate this song with the imminent arrival of an enjoyable time. And it did that without you having to do any behaviours that could be reinforced, and probably without a lot of cognitive understanding &#8211; you would probably feel the same little kick of emotion even if you knew that the song was just playing on its own, without the show about to follow.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"interest wp-block-paragraph\">This is a form of learning called &#8216;classical conditioning&#8217;. This, again, is something that cats and rats can do. In fact, Ivan Pavlov won a Nobel prize in 1904 for discovering it in dogs, more or less by accident. He was trying to study dog saliva, and this was his plan: Take some dogs, hook them up to little tubes that collect their dribble\/drool#up, and then see if it looks different when you show them different kinds of meat powder.<\/p>\n\n\n<div class=\"brxe-div footnote_anchor\"><div class=\"brxe-div footnote_shifter\">\n<pre class=\"wp-block-verse\">#down. Depending whether your speak UK or North American Egnlish - more bilingual education for you.<\/pre>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The problem was that after a little while they would start salivating into his little tubes as soon as his assistant walked in to feed them. They had learned that the experience of him walking in was soon followed by the experience of yummy food, and they started anticipating it by salivating.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Being a good scientist, Pavlov started experimenting with this and found it didn&#8217;t even have to be something logical like thinking &#8220;hey, here comes this guy to feed me&#8221;, but could be any arbitrary set of stimuli &#8211; hence his famous study ringing a bell and then feeding them, and finding that after a few iterations of this just ringing a bell on its own was enough to start the saliva flowing.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Classical conditioning is a big deal in marketing. When you have had a number of good experiences with a brand, then just looking at it is going to start giving you a warm feeling. No matter how good competitors might be, if you really like this brand, then the mere act of seeing its logo and opening its packaging may be giving you sensations that convince you that you really must be on to the right one. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js applied\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14025\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Does this really make us so loyal?<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14025\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Byron Sharp <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--4193465-3ZMYIR3W--wp1402 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{4193465:3ZMYIR3W}', 'format': '(%d%,)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span> would probably question this. He argues that if you look at the numbers, people really aren&#8217;t very loyal at all, and tend to take turns buying all of the available products in a category, roughly in proportion to how popular they are. We&#8217;ll talk about Sharp&#8217;s take and his data a lot more in a future chapter but for now, we&#8217;ll note that a warm emotional vibe from brands doesn&#8217;t mean we are loyal to one brand and only one. It just means that we may be more likely to buy the brands which give us a bigger warm vibe&#8230; and if some brands are better at doing this than others, that may be part of why most categories have a few brands that are more popular than the others.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<div class=\"wp-block-pb-accordion-item c-accordion__item js-accordion-item no-js interest\" data-initially-open=\"false\" data-click-to-close=\"true\" data-auto-close=\"true\" data-scroll=\"false\" data-scroll-offset=\"0\"><h5 id=\"at-14026\" class=\"c-accordion__title js-accordion-controller\" role=\"button\">Tell me more about learning by doing<\/h5><div id=\"ac-14026\" class=\"c-accordion__content\">\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">There are several types of learning that could go under this heading, but they all revolve around a 3 step process: 1) you do a thing, 2) you experience some good or bad outcomes, 3) you change how likely you are to do that thing again in the future. The two examples of these that we&#8217;ll discuss here are operand conditioning and cybernetic skill learning.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Operant conditioning<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This is one of the simplest forms of learning and was a big deal in psychology around the 1960s. They learned a great deal then about how rats and cats, pigeons and humans, would all do things more if it gave them rewards and\/or escaped punishers, and would do them less if it inflicted punishers upon them, or took rewards away. This is a very simple idea about which an enormous amount of detail has been learned (i.e., does it help to get the reward every time? What if the punisher is really strong? What if I train you to push one lever, then show you another different one?). <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">These ideas and principles very much work, but they also aren&#8217;t that useful either in most consumer contexts. Yes we buy things to get rewards (e.g., &#8220;mmm, yummy&#8221;) and to avoid punishers (e.g., &#8220;I love this new bag, it&#8217;s so light that my shoulder doesn&#8217;t hurt&#8221;), and yes, entrepreneurs have to think very carefully about these things often too (e.g., &#8220;that&#8217;s a lovely new pen you&#8217;ve invented with all that fancy new technology, but does it solve a problem that consumers really have? My old pen already writes things down fine&#8221;). But in markets, the problem is usually that consumers have a choice of many different ways of experiencing the same type of reward, and so the problems are generally around when and why, and how often they would choose method A for getting them over method B. One of the few places where operant conditioning principles really do play out clearly is in casinos: psychologists who work for these will adjust how often gambling machines should pay out (and how much money it should be each time) in order to produce &#8220;steady state responding&#8221; from gamblers (i.e., to keep clicking the button steadily, gambling more and more). This application is certainly very profitable, though it comes with distinct ethical questions too.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<h6 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Cybernetic learning<\/h6>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">This sounds fancy and high-tech, but it&#8217;s actually a simple idea: On some basic level, the way we control everything we do is with little feedback loops in which we go back and forth between observing the world and acting on it. So I see the peanut butter and want it. So I reach out my hand and observe that it is too far to the left, so I adjust my hand and then observe that I can feel contact with my fingertips, so I adjust my grip on it, and feel it is in my hand, so I lift it up, and feel that it is in the air&#8230; Or maybe I observe that I am cold, and so act by moving to put my coat on, then observe I am less cold, and move onto another goal. <\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">The point is that I&#8217;m learning how to do things here by constantly observing what I am doing to affect the world, and how well it works, and then trying to adjust what I&#8217;m doing until I succeed or give up in frustration. Learning happens through constant act + observe loops <span class=\"zp-InText-zp-ID--4193465-LK48C3M6--wp1402 zp-InText-Citation loading\" rel=\"{ 'pages': 'np', 'items': '{4193465:LK48C3M6}', 'format': '(%a%, %d%, %p%)', 'brackets': '', 'etal': '', 'separator': '', 'and': '' }\"><\/span>.<\/p>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">Out of interest, the military has a similar idea that they refer to as <a rel=\"noreferrer noopener\" href=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OODA_loop\" data-type=\"URL\" data-id=\"https:\/\/en.wikipedia.org\/wiki\/OODA_loop\" target=\"_blank\">OODA loops<\/a> (Observe, Orient, Decide, Act), an idea that is this sometimes taught in management schools too. The key premise here is that you can defeat someone by executing your OODA loops faster than they can. This supposedly makes you more agile &#8211; every time they adjust to what you are doing, you have already adjusted to their adjustment, and are exploiting that for whatever it is worth.<\/p>\n<\/div><\/div>\n\n\n\n<h2 class=\"wp-block-heading\">Review<\/h2>\n\n\n\n<p class=\"wp-block-paragraph\">{pods_post_review}<\/p>\n\n\n\n<hr class=\"wp-block-separator has-alpha-channel-opacity is-style-dots\"\/>\n\n\n\n<div id='zp-InTextBib-zotpress-0b0f4156c73ec994187e0192a0ba0c0c' class='zp-Zotpress zp-Zotpress-InTextBib wp-block-group zp-Post-1402'>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ITEM_KEY ZP_ATTR\">{4193465:QKUKPJ7J};{4193465:QKUKPJ7J};{4193465:HACUEVSH};{4193465:IKT3UPKM};{4193465:3ZMYIR3W};{4193465:LK48C3M6}<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_STYLE ZP_ATTR\">apa<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SORTBY ZP_ATTR\">creator<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ORDER ZP_ATTR\">asc<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TITLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWIMAGE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_SHOWTAGS ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_DOWNLOADABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_NOTES ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_ABSTRACT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_CITEABLE ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_TARGET ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_URLWRAP ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_FORCENUM ZP_ATTR\">0<\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_HIGHLIGHT ZP_ATTR\"><\/span>\r\n\t\t<span class=\"ZP_POSTID ZP_ATTR\">1402<\/span><div class='zp-List loading'>\n<div class=\"zp-SEO-Content\"><\/div><!-- .zp-zp-SEO-Content -->\n<\/div><!-- .zp-List --><\/div><!--.zp-Zotpress-->\n\n\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"<p>The world we see only makes any sense to us at all, because we&#8217;ve seen things like it before<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":1,"featured_media":1425,"comment_status":"open","ping_status":"closed","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_monsterinsights_skip_tracking":false,"footnotes":""},"categories":[1],"tags":[],"chapter":[13],"exclude_from_index":[16],"class_list":["post-1402","post","type-post","status-publish","format-standard","has-post-thumbnail","hentry","category-uncategorized","chapter-3-memory-perception","exclude_from_index-include"],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1402","targetHints":{"allow":["GET"]}}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/users\/1"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/comments?post=1402"}],"version-history":[{"count":20,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1402\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":3918,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/posts\/1402\/revisions\/3918"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media\/1425"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/media?parent=1402"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/categories?post=1402"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/tags?post=1402"},{"taxonomy":"chapter","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/chapter?post=1402"},{"taxonomy":"exclude_from_index","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/illuminated-text.com\/cb\/wp-json\/wp\/v2\/exclude_from_index?post=1402"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}